Zhonghua minzu

Zhonghua minzu
Zhonghua minzu
Traditional Chinese	中華民族
Simplified Chinese	中华民族
Literal meaning	Chinese nation
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Zhōnghuá mínzú
Bopomofo	ㄓㄨㄥㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄗㄨˊ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh	Jonghwa Mintzwu
Wade–Giles	Chung1-hua2 min2-tsu2
Tongyong Pinyin	Jhong-huá Mín-zú
IPA	[ʈʂʊ́ŋ.xwǎ mǐn.tsǔ]
Wu
Romanization	tson平 gho平 min平 zoh入
Gan
Romanization	Zung1 fa4 min4 zuk6
Hakka
Romanization	zhung24 fa11 min11 zuk5
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping	Zung1-wa4 man4 zuk6
IPA	[[Help:IPA/Cantonese\|[tsoŋ˥ [unsupported input] mɐn˩ tsok̚˨]]]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Tiong-hôa bîn-cho̍k

Expressions of Zhonghua Minzu

Chinese national flag during the early Republican period, with five colors representing the union of five races^{[note 2]}

A wall painting in Beijing depicting 56 ethnic groups in China

Zhonghua minzu (johng-HWA meen-tsoo^[4]^[5]^[6]) is a political term in modern Chinese nationalism related to the concepts of nation-building, ethnicity, and race in the Chinese nationality.^[7]^[8]

Zhonghua minzu was established during the early Beiyang (1912–1927) and Nationalist (1928–1949) periods to include Han people and four major non-Han ethnic groups: the Manchus, Mongols, Hui, and Tibetans,^[9]^[10] under the notion of a republic of five races (Wǔzú gònghé) advocated by Sun Yat-sen and the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) party. It is slightly different from the word Hanzu (Chinese: 汉族), a word is only used to refer to the Han Chinese.

Zhonghua minzu was initially rejected in the People's Republic of China (PRC) but resurrected after the death of Mao Zedong to include Han Chinese alongside 55 other ethnic groups as a collective Chinese family.^[4]^[7] Since the late 1980s, the most fundamental change of the PRC's nationalities and minorities policies is the renaming from Zhongguo renmin (中国人民; 'the Chinese people') to Zhonghua minzu (中华民族; 'the Chinese nation'), signalling a shift away from a multinational communist people's statehood of China to one multi-ethnic Chinese nation state with one single Chinese national identity.^[8]

^ State and Society in 21st Century China: Crisis, Contention and Legitimation. Psychology Press. 2004. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-415-33204-0. ... however, the CCP's nationalist claims are increasingly falling on deaf ears. Popular nationalists like Jin Hui now speak regularly of the "Motherland" (zuguo) and the "Chinese race" (Zhonghua minzu) - without reference to the Party. And they care so deeply
^ Anderlini, Jamil (21 June 2017). "The dark side of China's national renewal". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
^ David Tobin (October 2022). Securing China's Northwest Frontier: Identity and Insecurity in Xinjiang. Cambridge University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-108-48840-2. Repeated use of what should now be translated as 'Chinese race, (Zhonghua Minzu 中华民族), alongside omission of ethnic minorities in official narratives ...
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference LandisAlbert2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Zhao2000 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Zhou, Wenjiu; Zhang (2007). 关于"中华民族是一个"学术论辩的考察 [On the academic argument that "the Chinese nation is one"]. Minzu Yanjiu (in Chinese). 3: 20–29. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019 – via d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/mzyj200703003.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Lawrance2004 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference BloxhamMoses2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Fitzgerald1995 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Blum, Susan Debra; Jensen, Lionel M. (2002). China Off Center: Mapping the Margins of the Middle Kingdom. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 170–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2577-5. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

[GriesRosen212-1] State and Society in 21st Century China: Crisis, Contention and Legitimation. Psychology Press. 2004. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-415-33204-0. ... however, the CCP's nationalist claims are increasingly falling on deaf ears. Popular nationalists like Jin Hui now speak regularly of the "Motherland" (zuguo) and the "Chinese race" (Zhonghua minzu) - without reference to the Party. And they care so deeply

[ft.c_The_dark-2] Anderlini, Jamil (21 June 2017). "The dark side of China's national renewal". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 March 2021.

[3] David Tobin (October 2022). Securing China's Northwest Frontier: Identity and Insecurity in Xinjiang. Cambridge University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-108-48840-2. Repeated use of what should now be translated as 'Chinese race, (Zhonghua Minzu 中华民族), alongside omission of ethnic minorities in official narratives ...

[LandisAlbert2012-6] Cite error: The named reference LandisAlbert2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Zhao2000-7] Cite error: The named reference Zhao2000 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[8] Zhou, Wenjiu; Zhang (2007). 关于"中华民族是一个"学术论辩的考察 [On the academic argument that "the Chinese nation is one"]. Minzu Yanjiu (in Chinese). 3: 20–29. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019 – via d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/mzyj200703003.

[Lawrance2004-9] Cite error: The named reference Lawrance2004 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[BloxhamMoses2010-10] Cite error: The named reference BloxhamMoses2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Fitzgerald1995-11] Cite error: The named reference Fitzgerald1995 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[BlumJensen2002-12] Blum, Susan Debra; Jensen, Lionel M. (2002). China Off Center: Mapping the Margins of the Middle Kingdom. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 170–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2577-5. Retrieved 13 October 2016.

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